O desastre ambiental provocado pelo rompimento da barragem de mineração da Samarco em Mariana-MG, que agora completa um ano, provocou enorme desequilíbrio na região do Vale do Rio Doce, ao amplificar e multiplicar os problemas ambientais, sociais e econômicos, além de comprometer a vida ecológica na calha principal do rio Doce praticamente em quase toda a sua extensão.
Na época, o Instituto Terra lançou a proposta de constituição de um fundo financeiro a ser aportado pelas empresas responsáveis pelo desastre, capaz de absorver todas as despesas referentes à reparação dos prejuízos e com recursos suficientes para a reconstrução ecossistêmica de todo o vale. A iniciativa conclamava os poderes constituídos a garantir a destinação efetiva de todos os recursos necessários para a restauração do vale e a proteção de sua população, e evitar que o processo se concentrasse na lavratura de pesadas multas que, quase certamente, não se reverteriam para a reparação pretendida. Pleiteamos, ainda, que o fundo fosse gerido por uma entidade independente, com uma governança que permitisse um diálogo direto com a sociedade, e com uma administração ética e transparente.
Um acordo entre as empresas Samarco, e suas acionistas Vale e BHP Billiton, junto aos governos Federal e dos Estados do Espírito Santo e de Minas Gerais, possibilitou a constituição inicial de um fundo de 20 bilhões de reais, soma inicial no entendimento de que as empresas colocarão os recursos que forem necessários no financiamento – a curto, a médio e a longo prazos – para a reparação e reconstrução do que foi destruído e a recuperação ecossistêmica da calha principal do rio, o que só se fará por meio da recuperação e da proteção de suas águas. Para implementar e gerir essas ações foi criada a Fundação Renova.
Se o imprescindível trabalho de recuperação da bacia do Doce vai levar anos, em paralelo devem ser adotadas medidas de extrema importância ecológica para toda a região em seu entorno, de forma a garantir o abastecimento, a produção de alimentos e poder fazer voltar a girar a economia local.
Com quase duas décadas de atuação na região, o Instituto Terra entende que, para o rio sair desse quadro de degradação ecológica – que o transformou em uma calha de lama e esgoto – é preciso intensificar o processo de recuperação de seus afluentes, possibilitando trazer água e vida nova ao Doce.
As ações ambientais já identificadas por estudos como determinantes para o resgate da água na região, envolvem implantar um sistema de esgotamento sanitário em cada aglomeração urbana de todo o vale, para atacar a questão da poluição de suas águas, bem como restaurar as Áreas de Preservação Permanente e de Reservas Legais, tal como determinado pelo Código Florestal. Isto significa, reflorestar os topos dos morros, para assegurar que a água da chuva se infiltre no solo; reconstruir as matas ciliares, que serão os filtros para proteger o rio dos rejeitos carreados pelas chuvas; e replantar ao redor de todas as nascentes da bacia hidrográfica, estimadas em mais de 350 mil olhos d’água. Junto a estas iniciativas, o Instituto Terra acrescenta a necessidade de olhar para a área rural, com a instalação de fossa séptica nas propriedades, de modo a permitir o retorno de um volume de água limpa ao rio.
O Instituto Terra participa por meio de seu responsável técnico e científico, e em conjunto com representantes dos Comitês de Bacia do Doce, da Câmara Técnica “Restauração Florestal e Produção de Água”. Essa câmara foi criada como órgão consultivo pelo Comitê Interfederativo, no âmbito do Termo de Transação e Ajuste de Conduta, e vem cuidando da análise técnica dos projetos apresentados ao Fundo, instituído pelo mesmo Termo.
Com o objetivo direto na revitalização do Rio Doce, o Instituto Terra vem sistematicamente ampliando o Programa Olhos D’Água para proteção de nascentes. Nos últimos seis anos, o programa permitiu recuperar e proteger 973 nascentes, principalmente na região do médio Rio Doce, enquanto no começo de 2015 já iniciava a captação de recursos para a recuperação de mais 5.000 nascentes no prazo de cinco anos.
Dentro deste plano e ao longo de 2016, o Instituto Terra mobilizou, contratou e iniciou a recuperação de 1.120 novas nascentes, com recursos oriundos de parceiros como o Governo de Minas Gerais, a Fundação Anne Fontaine, a Fundação Príncipe Albert II de Mônaco, a Fundação Vitalogy, a ArcelorMittal Brasil, os Ministérios Públicos do Espírito Santo e de Minas Gerais. Também negocia a contratação de mais 780 nascentes junto à Fundação Banco do Brasil e ao BNDES. Todos esses projetos objetivam recuperar 1.900 olhos d’água de afluentes do Rio Doce, nas bacias dos rios Manhuaçu e Suaçuí, em Minas Gerais, e rio Guandu, no Espírito Santo.
Para se somar a estas, outras 500 nascentes vão receber os primeiros trabalhos de proteção a partir deste mês de novembro, com a formalização de um contrato com a Fundação Renova. Estão distribuídas nas bacias do Suaçuí Grande, envolvendo os municípios de Jampruca, Campanário, Itambacuri e Frei Inocêncio, em Minas Gerais; do Santa Maria do Doce, em Colatina (ES); e na bacia dos rio Pancas, nos municípios de Pancas, Governador Lindenberg, Marilândia e Colatina, também do lado do Espírito Santo.
Já no campo das captações no exterior, o Instituto Terra negocia novos projetos para recuperação de nascentes, num cenário de mais longo prazo. Assim como, para atender a futura grande demanda de mudas, está empenhado na captação de recursos para instalação de um novo viveiro, com capacidade para 5 milhões de plantas/ano.
Ainda neste ano foram produzidas no viveiro do Instituto Terra perto de 600 mil mudas de espécies de Mata Atlântica e, na área de educação ambiental, com o curso para formação de agentes de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, estão sendo capacitados mais 28 técnicos especializados na recuperação de nascentes e restauração da Mata Atlântica, a maioria com possibilidade de atuação direta na área da bacia do Doce.
Com uma experiência de 18 anos atuando na restauração florestal na área da bacia do Doce, o Instituto Terra defende que, mesmo com pressa ou atrasados diante do muito que precisa ser feito, não se deve correr o risco de transformar esse processo de recuperação num laboratório de testes em larga escala, para evitar, sobretudo, a violação do ecossistema específico da região. É preciso ser responsável com a natureza, pois já existem tecnologias consolidadas e testadas de restauração de Mata Atlântica, bioma predominante na região da bacia, caracterizado por uma rica biodiversidade.
Para enfrentar todos esses desafios, além de grande base de conhecimento técnico, será preciso contar com grande investimento financeiro. Neste sentido, torna-se prioritária a interlocução de todos os agentes públicos e privados envolvidos, a fim de somar esforços e confirmar compromisso com o vale do Rio Doce, para garantir o cumprimento das ações assumidas pela Fundação Renova, principalmente na ampliação e aplicação correta dos recursos.
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